论文标题：Women hold up half the sky? Trade specialization patterns and work-related

　　发表时间：2020.11 Accepted

　　论文所有作者：Jie Li

　　期刊名及所属分类：Journal of International Economics(国际A)

　　英文摘要：This paper studies whether export composition differences in gender-specific skills can affect individuals' work-related gender norms. We start by identifying female-oriented and male-oriented skills at the occupation level based on literature in neuroscience and medicine. Then with industries' occupational employment share data and exports data, we are able to construct country-level gender-specific skill export intensities. They are combined with gender norm information from World Value Surveys to test the hypothesis. To establish causality, a gravity model based IV strategy is adopted to get export intensities from trade flows predicted with exogenous factors. The empirical results show that if a country exports more in industries using female-oriented skills intensively relative to male-oriented skills, individuals in that country are more likely to have equal gender norms. Mechanism tests indicate that this relationship holds because expansion in female-oriented exporting sectors improves females' probability to work and their economic contribution to the household. In addition, we find suggestive evidence that some females choose to postpone their marriage age and have fewer children to seize increased job opportunities. Besides improved economic status, females also put more emphasis on work following export expansions in female-oriented skill sectors, which also contributes to equal gender norms.

　　中文摘要：本文研究了不同性别技能的出口构成差异是否会影响个体的工作相关性别规范。我们首先在基于神经科学和医学的职业水平或文献中确定面向女性和面向男性的技能。然后，利用行业的职业就业共享数据和出口数据，我们可以构建国家层面的性别技能出口强度。他们结合来自世界价值调查的性别规范信息来检验假设。为了建立因果关系，采用基于IV策略的重力模型，从外生因素预测的贸易流量中得到出口强度。实证结果表明，如果一个国家出口更多的集中使用面向女性的技能而不是面向男性的技能的行业，该国的个人更有可能拥有平等的性别规范。机制测试表明，这种关系存在，因为以女性为导向的出口部门的扩大提高了女性工作的可能性和她们对家庭的经济贡献。此外，我们发现一些女性选择推迟结婚年龄和少生孩子，以抓住增加的工作机会。除了经济地位的提高，女性在面向女性的技能部门的出口扩大后，也更加重视工作，这也有助于性别规范的平等。